I need help with my case study for anatomy & physiology 2
Question Description
Mr. Jones, a 58-year-old sales executive has arrived in Washington DCfor a convention. He decides to go out with his colleagues and has aheavy dinner. He wakes up in the middle of the night with a dull ache inthe center of his chest. He initially thinks, it is indigestion fromthe heavy meal that he had, but the chest pain gets worse and now startsradiating to the left shoulder, left jaw and left arm. He remembersseeing on TV, that what he is experiencing could be symptoms of aMyocardial infarction (heart attack). He immediately calls 911.
Once, the ambulance arrives, the EMT notices that Mr. Jones issweating profusely and he is pale. The EMT immediately gives Mr. Jones,Aspirin, puts a oxygen mask and starts IV normal saline. If needed,other drugs can be given via the IV access.
As soon as Mr. Jones is brought to the Hospital, the ER nurse takesthe vital signs and a brief history. An EKG is done and showsabnormalities, suggesting a MI. Blood is drawn to look for cardiacenzymes. Blood results are back and show elevated Troponin and CreatineKinase, confirming that Mr. Jones is having a MI. His past medicalhistory is significant for poorly controlled essential hypertension,poorly controlled Diabetes mellitus, Poorly controlledHypercholesterolemia. His family history is unremarkable. He is acurrent smoker, has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes for the last 25 yearsand drinks beer on the weekends.
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Vital signs |
Complete blood count |
Cardiac enzymes |
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BP- 160/110 mmHg |
Hemoglobin: 19 gm/dl |
Troponin I: 0.030 (normal < 0.012) |
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HR- 97 bpm |
Hematocrit : 60% |
Creatine kinase: 120 U/L (normal 25-90 U/L) |
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Temperature- 98 F |
Leucocytes: 5800 cells/mm3 |
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Platelets: 300,000 cells/mm3 |
Jones is immediately taken to the operating room to do an Angiogram(procedure to visualize his coronary blood vessels) The doctors find ablock in one of the major blood vessels and decide to do a angioplasty(minor surgery done to open blocked arteries).
After the Angioplasty, the, EKG comes back to normal and his cardiacenzymes are trending down. So, the physician decides to observe him inthe hospital for 2 days. He is discharged on 3rd day, withadvice to make life style changes and start medications: Aspirin,Metoprolol (Beta blocker), Simvastatin (for his high cholesterol) andfollow up with his physician in his home town.
Mr. Jones was not compliant with his medications, made no changes tohis life style. 3 months later, he visits his physician and complainsof easy fatiguability, headaches, shortness of breath, unable to lieflat on the bed at night. He says that he has to sit up propped upagainst 4 pillows in order to sleep. On Auscultation of the chest, thereare bilateral crackles heard. The physician concludes that Mr. Jones isin heart failure. He now prescribes Diuretics for Mr. Jones.
Questions:
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1a |
What are the normal values for PH, Erythrocyte count, Leucocyte count, Platelet count. ( 1 point each) |
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1b |
What are the terms used for increase and decrease in PH? ( 1 point each) |
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1c |
What are the terms used for Increase and decrease in Erythrocyte, Leucocyte, Platelet count? ( 1 point each) |
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2a |
From the complete blood count reading, what can you infer about the hemoglobin and hematocrit? ( high/ Low) ( 1 point) |
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2b |
From the history of the patient, explain along with themechanism, why Mr. Jones has abnormal hemoglobin and hematocrit? ( 2points) |
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3a |
In the ambulance, why did the EMT give oxygen as soon as he suspectedthat Mr. Jones could be having a myocardial infarction? ( 1.5 point) |
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3b |
What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin that is advantageous in Myocardial infarction? ( 1.5 points) |
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4a |
Does giving isotonic saline change the osmolarity of Mr. Joness blood? Why/Why not? ( 1 point) |
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4b |
What is the effect of istonic saline on the intravascular compartment and intracellular compartment? Explain ( 1 point) |
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4c |
In this patient, what cardiac enzymes were elevated? Explain whytroponin level is elevated in a Myocardial infarction? ( 1 point) |
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5 |
Mr. Joness EKG shows electrical abnormalities. |
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5a |
In a normal EKG, what are the different waves, intervals, segments that you expect to see? ( 1 point) |
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5b |
What does each wave represent?( 1 point) |
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5c |
What is the significance of PR interval?( 1 point) |
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6a |
What are coronary arteries? What are the branches of right and left coronary arteries? (1 point) |
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6b |
If the angiogram showed a embolus in the left anteriorinterventricular artery, which part of the heart would be effected? ( 1point) |
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6c |
If the ventricle of the heart is damaged, in which wave/ waves of the EKG will you see changes.( 1 point) |
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7 |
As a result of the Myocardial infarction and death of the effected cardiac muscle, |
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7a |
What happens to the stroke volume of the ventricle and why? ( 1 point) |
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7b |
As a result of the change in stroke volume, what happens to the cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (R) ( 1 point) |
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7c |
Why is giving a Beta blocker advantageous in Myocardial infarction ( 1 point) |
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8 |
Because, Mr. Jones, was not compliant with his medication and life style changes, he ended up in heart failure. |
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8a |
Which side of the heart has failed in MR. Jones? ( 1point) |
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8b |
Name a signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure ( 1 point) |
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8c |
Explain in detail the mechanism of development of pulmonary edema inthis patient. How do diuretics help in his treatment? ( 3 points) |
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9a |
If the person is refractory to the heart failure medications, he cango into shock. What is the type of shock that you can expect in thisperson. What are some of the signs and symptoms of Shock? ( 1 point) |
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9b |
Explain in detail the short term and Long term compensatorymechanisms that come into play as a result of the condition in question9a.( 2 points) |
Case Study Guidelines
Guidelines
- In completing this case study, just list the question numbers and give the answers.
- Assignment should be written in APA format.
- Cover page with your name and reference page should be included.
- Presentation:
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- Write the answers in complete sentence.
- Include the page numbers in the bottom of the page.
- All references must be cited, and direct quotes from the references must be indicated as such, using quotation marks.
- All papers will be checked for plagiarism. The assignment will not be graded if the plagiarism score is greater than 25%.
- Academic Honesty is expected of all students, and it is described in the student handbook thusly:
Academic Honesty means the use of ones own thoughts and materialsin the writing of papers, taking of tests, and other classroom relatedactivities. Any student intentionally aiding another student in anyinfraction of the Academic Honesty Policy is considered equally guilty.
Students are expected to give full credit for the borrowing ofothers words or ideas. Intentional or unintentional use of anotherswords or ideas without acknowledging its use constitutes plagiarism.
The four common forms of plagiarism:
a) The duplication of an authors words without quotation marks and accurate references or footnotes.
b) The duplication of authors words or phrases with footnotes or accurate references but without quotation marks.
c) The use of an authors ideas in paraphrase without accurate references or footnotes.
d) Submitting a paper in which exact words are merely rearranged even through footnotes.
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